![]() This is the same electron configuration that noble gas atoms have, which are the only chemically stable atoms in the periodic table. The octet rule states that atoms tend to lose, accept, or share electrons until they have an electron configuration with a “full” outer shell (full, in this case, meaning two electrons if the outermost shell is the first shell, and eight electrons if the outermost shell is a second or higher shell). The way that many atoms bond can be predicted by the octet rule. The d-orbitals have even more complicated and stretched out shapes in order to maximize the distance between the electrons, but there is so much overlap that the s-orbital in the fourth electron shell actually gets filled before the five d-orbitals in the third electron shell start getting filled.īecause most atoms are not very stable, they tend to chemically bond with other atoms to form stable molecules. The third electron shell has nine atomic orbitals: one s-orbital, three p-orbitals, and five d-orbitals. This is why, in reality, the s-orbital is filled before the p-orbitals. The geometry of these orbitals spread the electrons out as much as possible, but there is still some overlap, which lowers the stability and increases the energy of the p-orbitals slightly. The two electrons in the p x-orbital spend most of their time in regions to the left and right of the atomic nucleus the two electrons in the p y-orbital spend most of their time in regions above and below the atomic nucleus and the two electrons in the p z-orbital spend most of their time in regions in front of and behind the atomic nucleus. The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are called valence electrons. This means that the outermost shell of an atom can only have between 1 and 8 electrons in it before a new outer shell gets started, and this shell becomes an inner shell instead. (Bohr diagrams are only accurate up to Argon.)Īlthough the third electron shell can hold 18 electrons, the fourth electron shell can hold 32 electrons, the fifth electron shell can hold 50 electrons, and the sixth electron shell can hold 72 electrons, once each of those electron shells gets filled with 8 electrons, the next two electrons will go into the next higher electron shell. ![]() The remaining orbitals in the third shell only get filled once the s-orbital in the fourth shell has been filled first. But in reality, the nineteenth electron goes into the s-orbital in the fourth electron shell, even though the third shell is not completely filled yet. The Bohr model predicts that this nineteenth electron will go into the third electron shell. The potassium atom has one more proton and one more electron than the argon atom. The next element after argon is potassium (K). Electrons do not occupy electron shells they occupy atomic orbitals. ![]() The reason why is because the Bohr model of an atom, based on electron shells, is not accurate. Twenty-first electron in the scandium atom ( 45Sc) ![]()
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